1. Product Structure and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically bound core-shell design.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless steel, offers mechanical robustness with tensile staminas going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– normally 2– 10% of the overall size– conveys exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is crucial for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain strong adhesion and very little interdiffusion under functional anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most typical approach, offering specific density control and uniform insurance coverage on constant steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, preventing delamination during succeeding processing or solution.
In time and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might jeopardize flexibility and long-lasting reliability– a difficulty alleviated by diffusion barriers or rapid processing.
1.2 Physical and Practical Residence
CCSFs incorporate the most effective qualities of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity commonly ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on layer density and pureness, making CCSF substantially extra conductive than pure steel fibers (
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